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1. Victoria Ii Russia
2. Victoria 2 Russia Guide 2017

Nicholas II was an uncompromising autocrat, and this stance helped provoke the. After Russia entered, Nicholas left the capital to assume command of the army. The power vacuum was filled by Alexandra, who elevated unqualified favourites like and disregarded signs of impending revolution. Early life and reignNikolay Aleksandrovich was the eldest son and heir apparent ( tsesarevich) of the tsarevich (emperor as Alexander III from 1881) and his consort Maria Fyodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark). Succeeding his father on November 1, 1894, he was crowned in Moscow on May 26, 1896.Neither by upbringing nor by temperament was fitted for the complex tasks that awaited him as autocratic ruler of a vast empire.

He had received a military education from his tutor, and his tastes and interests were those of the average young Russian officers of his day. He had few pretensions but delighted in physical exercise and the trappings of army life: uniforms, insignia, parades. Yet on formal occasions he felt ill at ease.

Though he possessed great personal charm, he was by nature timid; he shunned close contact with his subjects, preferring the privacy of his family circle. His domestic life was serene. To his wife, whom he had married on November 26, 1894, Nicholas was passionately devoted.

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She had the strength of character that he lacked, and he fell completely under her sway. Under her influence he sought the advice of spiritualists and faith healers, most notably, who eventually acquired great power over the imperial couple. Nicholas also had other irresponsible favourites, often men of dubious who provided him with a distorted picture of Russian life, but one that he found more comforting than that contained in official reports.

He distrusted his ministers, mainly because he felt them to be intellectually superior to himself and feared they sought to usurp his. His view of his role as was childishly simple: he derived his authority from God, to whom alone he was responsible, and it was his sacred duty to preserve his absolute power intact. He lacked, however, the strength of will necessary in one who had such an exalted of his task. In pursuing the path of duty, Nicholas had to wage a continual struggle against himself, suppressing his natural indecisiveness and assuming a mask of self-confident resolution. His dedication to the of was an inadequate substitute for a constructive policy, which alone could have prolonged the imperial regime. Nicholas was the first Russian sovereign to show personal interest in Asia, visiting in 1891, while still tsesarevich, India, China, and Japan; later he nominally supervised the construction of the.

His attempt to maintain and strengthen Russian influence in Korea, where also had a foothold, was partly responsible for the (1904–05). Russia’s defeat not only frustrated Nicholas’s grandiose dreams of making Russia a great Eurasian power, with China, Tibet, and Persia under its control, but also presented him with serious problems at home, where discontent grew into the revolutionary movement of 1905.Nicholas considered all who opposed him, regardless of their views, as conspirators. Disregarding the advice of his future, he refused to make to the constitutionalists until events forced him to yield more than might have been necessary had he been more flexible. On March 3, 1905, he reluctantly agreed to create a national representative assembly, or, with consultative powers, and by the of October 30 he promised a regime under which no law was to take effect without the Duma’s consent, as well as a democratic franchise. Nicholas, however, cared little for keeping promises extracted from him under duress.

He strove to regain his former powers and ensured that in the new (May 1906) he was still designated an autocrat. He furthermore an extremist right-wing organization, the, which sanctioned terrorist methods and anti-Semitic. Witte, whom he blamed for the, was soon dismissed, and the first two Dumas were prematurely dissolved as “insubordinate.”, who replaced Witte and carried out the coup of June 16, 1907, dissolving the second Duma, was loyal to the and a capable statesman. But the emperor distrusted him and allowed his position to be undermined by intrigue. Stolypin was one of those who dared to speak out about Rasputin’s influence and thereby incurred the displeasure of the empress. In such cases Nicholas generally hesitated but ultimately yielded to Alexandra’s pressure. To prevent exposure of the scandalous hold Rasputin had on the imperial family, Nicholas interfered arbitrarily in matters properly within the competence of the, backing reactionary elements against those concerned about the.After its ambitions in the Far East were checked by Japan, Russia turned its attention to the.

Nicholas sympathized with the national aspirations of the Slavs and was anxious to win control of the Turkish straits but tempered his expansionist inclinations with a sincere desire to preserve peace among the Great Powers. After the assassination of the Austrian archduke at, he tried hard to avert the impending war by diplomatic action and resisted, until July 30, 1914, the pressure of the military for general, rather than partial, mobilization. The outbreak of World War I temporarily strengthened the monarchy, but Nicholas did little to maintain his people’s confidence. The Duma was slighted, and voluntary patriotic organizations were hampered in their efforts; the gulf between the ruling group and grew steadily wider. Alexandra turned Nicholas’s mind against the popular commander in chief, his father’s cousin the Nicholas, and on September 5, 1915, the emperor dismissed him, assuming supreme command himself.

Since the emperor had no experience of war, almost all his ministers protested against this step as likely to impair the army’s morale. They were overruled, however, and soon dismissed.did not, in fact, interfere unduly in operational decisions, but his departure for headquarters had serious political consequences. In his absence, supreme power in effect passed, with his approval and encouragement, to the empress. A grotesque situation resulted: in the midst of a desperate struggle for national survival, competent ministers and officials were dismissed and replaced by worthless nominees of Rasputin. The court was widely suspected of treachery, and antidynastic feeling grew apace.

Plotted Nicholas’s in the hope of saving the monarchy. Even the murder of Rasputin failed to dispel Nicholas’s illusions: he blindly disregarded this ominous warning, as he did those by other highly placed personages, including members of his own family. His isolation was virtually complete. Abdication and deathWhen riots broke out in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on March 8, Nicholas instructed the city commandant to take firm measures and sent troops to restore order.

It was too late. The government resigned, and the Duma, supported by the army, called on the emperor to.

Victoria 2 Russia Guide 2017

At on March 15, with fatalistic composure, Nicholas renounced the throne—not, as he had originally intended, in favour of his son, but in favour of his brother, who refused the crown.Nicholas was detained at Tsarskoye Selo by Prince Lvov’s provisional government. It was planned that he and his family would be sent to England, but instead, mainly because of the opposition of the Petrograd Soviet, the revolutionary Workers’ and Soldiers’ Council, they were removed to in Western Siberia. This step sealed their doom. In April 1918 they were taken to in the Urals.

When anti-Bolshevik “White” Russian forces approached the area, the local authorities were ordered to prevent a rescue. In the early hours of July 17, 1918, the prisoners were all slaughtered in the cellar of the house where they had been confined. (Although there is some uncertainty over whether the family was killed on July 16 or 17, most sources indicate that the executions took place on July 17.) The bodies were burned, cast into an abandoned mine shaft, and then hastily buried elsewhere. A team of Russian scientists located the remains in 1976 but kept the discovery secret until after the. By 1994 genetic analyses had positively identified the remains as those of Nicholas, Alexandra, three of their daughters (, Tatiana, and Olga), and four servants.

The remains were given a state funeral on July 17, 1998, and reburied in St. Petersburg in the crypt of the Cathedral of St. Peter and St.

The remains of Alexis and of another daughter (Maria) were not found until 2007, and the following year DNA testing confirmed their identity.On 20, 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church canonized the emperor and his family, designating them “passion bearers” (the lowest rank of sainthood) because of the piety they had shown during their final days. On October 1, 2008, Russia’s Supreme Court ruled that the executions were acts of “unfounded repression” and granted the family full rehabilitation.

Image copyright AFP Image captionThe fly-past included Tupolev Tu-22M3 Backfire strategic bombersVictory Day (9 May) is an occasion for the Kremlin to stir up patriotic feelings, as Russians remember the sacrifices made in World War Two.Russia is ploughing billions of dollars into modernising its military, amid tension with Nato over the conflict in Ukraine. So the annual parade also shows off Russian military might for an international audience.

'National unity'For the first time a contingent from the Russian space forces joined the parade - officers and cadets from a military academy that produced famous Soviet cosmonauts, including Yuri Gagarin and German Titov.The heavy armour included new Russian anti-aircraft missile systems - the S-400 and Pantsir - as well as the Iskander medium-range missile. The S-400 is currently protecting Russia's airbase near Latakia in Syria.Addressing the armed forces, President Vladimir Putin praised the wartime feat of millions of Soviet citizens, who 'demonstrated the true strength of our nation, its unity, triumphant spirit and patriotic devotion'.He also called for a 'non-bloc system of international security' - reiterating Russian opposition to Nato, without mentioning the Western alliance by name.There was an aerobatic display by Sukhoi Su-25 ground attack planes, which have been used by Russia to bomb rebels in Syria. The Su-25s trailed clouds of smoke in the Russian red-white-blue colours. Image copyright Reuters Image captionPresident Putin (front, centre) joined thousands of people on a march honouring relatives killed in WW2After the spectacular parade a vast crowd of people thronged the streets of Moscow on a march called 'The Immortal Regiment', commemorating their relatives killed in World War Two. In Russia it is called 'The Great Patriotic War'.Among them was President Putin, holding a photo of his father, who was wounded in combat.More than 23 million Soviet soldiers and civilians died in the war - the heaviest toll among all the countries which fought.